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This grammar pattern is used when a person has considered to do an action, but a another action happens which overlaps with the original planned action. It can be translated into ‘be about to…’. It attached to a verb stem.

● 가: 우리 같이 갈까요? / 나: 잘 됐네요. 저도 지금 막 나가려던 참이었어요.
● 가: 게임은 그만 하고 어서 자. / 나: 알았어요. 안 그래도 자려던 참이었어요.

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This grammar pattern is used to add reason to the beginning of the sentence or to add reason/own opinion to the listener’s question. The added reason is usually assumed that the listener doesn’t know. It’s more for speech.

● 그 식당에는 손님이 별로 없어요. 맛이 없거든요. (There’re not many customers in the restaurant, because it’s not delicious.)
● 좀 피곤해요. 어제 못 잤거든요. (I’m a little tired, because I couldn’t sleep last night.)

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This grammar pattern is used when something happened or some state was in the past, but it’s already completed or ends and now the situation has changed. It tends to equate with English ‘past perfect’ (had done, etc.)

● 어렸을 때는 그 가수를 좋아했었다. (I liked that singer when I was young. (but now I don’t.))
● 어제는 많이 아팠었어요. (I was very sick yesterday. (but now I feel better.))

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This grammar pattern is used when someone gives a suggest or advice or question based on one’s experience. It is used with a word stem or a noun.

● 학교 앞 식당 음식이 맛있던데 거기에 가서 드세요. (The food of the restaurant in front of the school, so go there and eat.)
● 미경 씨가 울던데 무슨 일 있었어요? (Mikyung was crying, so what happened?)

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This grammar pattern is used when an action is completed and then the state of that situation is maintained. And the action is usually for a preparation for something. It is used with a verb.

● 여행을 가려고 호텔을 예약해 놓았어요. (I have reserved a hotel for my travel.)
● 손님들이 많이 오실 테니까 음식을 많이 만들어 놓으세요. (Prepare much food because there’ll be lots of guest.)

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This grammar pattern is used with a verb to indicate necessary conditions to achieve the second clause. The second clause shouldn’t be propositive nor imperative forms.

● 지금 출발해야 비행기를 놓치지 않을 거예요.
● 점수가 70점이 넘어야 진급할 수 있습니다.
● 차가 좀 더 커야 온 가족이 다 탈 수 있을 것 같아요.

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This grammar pattern is used for assuming a situation which is potentially impossible to become reality, It is often used with ‘만약’, ‘만일’ and is attached to a verb stem. When the a verb’s stem ends in a consonant, use ‘-는다면’. When it ends in a vowel, use ‘-ㄴ다면’. After an adjective’s stem, ‘-다면’ is followed and ‘-이라면’ is used after a noun.

● 다시 태어난다면 남자가 되고 싶어요.
● 만약 내일 세상이 끝난다면 저는 오늘 사랑하는 사람들을 만나겠어요.

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This grammar pattern is used when you are talking about what has not happened yet, or when you are guessing something. It’s usually used in verbal conversations as a reply to other person’s statement.

● 전화하지 마세요. 아마 자고 있을걸요.
● 그 가게는 여기보다 비쌀걸요. 그냥 여기에서 사요.

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This grammar pattern is used to indicate that something is worth doing. Thus, it is mostly used to recommend something to someone else. The expression is also used to indicate that while the speaker is not completely satisfied with something, it is still worth doing or paying attention to.

● 한국에서 가 볼 만한 곳을 좀 추천해 주세요.
● 제 핸드폰은 좀 오래되기는 했지만 아직 쓸 만해요.

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This grammar pattern is used when another action was compensated or replaced instead of doing the first action. Thus it can be translated into ‘instead of V-ing’ respectively.

● 비가 와서 소풍을 가는 대신에 그냥 집에서 놀았어요.
● 이 핸드폰은 성능이 좋은 대신에 값이 좀 비싸요.